Tonga

End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture.

Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages.

Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all.

Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls.

Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all.

Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all.

Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment and decent work for all.

Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization and foster innovation.

Reduce inequality within and among countries.

Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable.

Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns.

Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts.

Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable development.

Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage forests, combat desertification, and halt and reverse land degradation and halt biodiversity loss .

Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development, provide access to justice for all and build effective, accountable and inclusive institutions at all levels.

Strengthen the means of implementation and revitalize the Global Partnership for Sustainable Development.

Estimated percentage of the population that is living under the poverty threshold of US$1.90 a day. Estimated using historical estimates of the income distribution, projections of population changes by age and educational attainment, and GDP projections.

Estimated percentage of the population that is living under the poverty threshold of US$3.20 a day. Estimated using historical estimates of the income distribution, projections of population changes by age and educational attainment, and GDP projections.

The percentage of the population whose food intake is insufficient to meet dietary energy requirements for a minimum of one year. Dietary energy requirements are defined as the amount of dietary energy required by an individual to maintain body functions, health and normal activity. FAO et al. (2015) report 14.7 million undernourished people in developed regions, which corresponds to an average prevalence of 1.17% in the developed regions. We assumed a 1.2% prevalence rate for each high-income country (World Bank, 2019) with missing data. 

The percentage of children up to the age of 5 years that are stunted, measured as the percentage that fall below minus two standard deviations from the median height for their age, according to the WHO Child Growth Standards. UNICEF et al. (2016) report an average prevalence of wasting in high-income countries of 2.58%. We assumed this value for high-income countries with missing data.

The percentage of children up to the age of 5 years whose weight falls below minus two standard deviations from the median weight for their age, according to the WHO Child Growth Standards. UNICEF et al. (2016) report an average prevalence of wasting in high-income countries of 0.75%. We assumed this value for high-income countries with missing data.

The percentage of the adult population that has a body mass index (BMI) of 30kg/m² or higher, based on measured height and weight.

Trophic levels are a measure of the energy intensity of diet composition and reflect the relative amounts of plants as opposed to animals eaten in a given country. A higher trophic level represents a greater level of consumption of energy-intensive animals.

Cereal yield, measured as tonnes per hectare of harvested land. Production data on cereals relate to crops harvested for dry grain only and excludes crops harvested for hay or green for food, feed, or silage and those used for grazing.

The Sustainable Nitrogen Management Index (SNMI) is a one-dimensional ranking score that combines two efficiency measures in crop production: Nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) and land use efficiency (crop yield).

The estimated number of women, between the age of 15-49, who die from pregnancy-related causes while pregnant or within 42 days of termination of pregnancy, per 100,000 live births.

The number of newborn infants (neonates) who die before reaching 28 days of age, per 1,000 live births.

The probability that a newborn baby will die before reaching age five, if subject to age-specific mortality rates of the specified year, per 1,000 live births.

The estimated rate of new and relapse cases of tuberculosis in a given year, expressed per 100,000 people. All forms of tuberculosis are included, including cases of people living with HIV.

Number of people newly infected with HIV per 1,000 uninfected population.

The probability of dying between the ages of 30 and 70 years from cardiovascular diseases, cancer, diabetes or chronic respiratory diseases, defined as the percent of 30-year-old-people who would die before their 70th birthday from these diseases, assuming current mortality rates at every age and that individuals would not die from any other cause of death (e.g. injuries or HIV/AIDS).

Mortality rate that is attributable to the joint effects of fuels used for cooking indoors and ambient outdoor air pollution.

Estimated number of fatal road traffic injuries per 100,000 people.

The average number of years that a newborn could expect to live, if he or she were to pass through life exposed to the sex- and age-specific death rates prevailing at the time of his or her birth, for a specific year, in a given country, territory, or geographic area.

The number of births per 1,000 women between the age of 15 to 19.

The percentage of births attended by personnel trained to give the necessary supervision, care, and advice to women during pregnancy, labor, and the postpartum period, to conduct deliveries on their own, and to care for newborns.

Estimated national routine immunization coverage of infants, expressed as the percentage of surviving infants children under the age of 12 months who received two WHO-recommended vaccines (3rd dose of DTP and 1st dose of measles). Calculated as the minimum value between the percentage of infants who have received the 3rd dose of DTP and the percentage who have received the 1st dose of measles.

Coverage of essential health services (defined as the average coverage of essential services based on tracer interventions that include reproductive, maternal, newborn and child health, infectious diseases, non-communicable diseases and service capacity and access, among the general and the most disadvantaged population). The indicator is an index reported on a unitless scale of 0 to 100, which is computed as the geometric mean of 14 tracer indicators of health service coverage.

Subjective self-evaluation of life, where respondents are asked to evaluate where they feel they stand on a ladder where 0 represents the worst possible life and 10 the best possible life.

The percentage of children of the official school age population who are enrolled in primary education.

Lower secondary education completion rate measured as the gross intake ratio to the last grade of lower secondary education (general and pre-vocational). It is calculated as the number of new entrants in the last grade of lower secondary education, regardless of age, divided by the population at the entrance age for the last grade of lower secondary education.

The percentage of youth, aged 15 to 24, who can both read and write a short simple statement on everyday life with understanding.

The percentage of women of reproductive age, either married or in a union, whose demand for family planning has been met using modern methods of contraception.

The mean years of education received by women aged 25 and older divided by the mean years of education received by men aged 25 and older.

Modeled estimate of the proportion of the female population aged 15 years and older that is economically active, divided by the same proportion for men.


The number of seats held by women in single or lower chambers of national parliaments, expressed as a percentage of all occupied seats. Seats refer to the number of parliamentary mandates, or the number of members of parliament.

The percentage of the population using at least a basic drinking water service, such as drinking water from an improved source, provided that the collection time is not more than 30 minutes for a round trip, including queuing. 

The percentage of the population using at least a basic sanitation service, such as an improved sanitation facility that is not shared with other households. 

The level of water stress: freshwater withdrawal as a proportion of available freshwater resources is the ratio between total freshwater withdrawn by all major sectors and total renewable freshwater resources, after taking into account environmental water requirements. Main sectors, as defined by ISIC standards, include agriculture, forestry and fishing, manufacturing, electricity industry, and services. This indicator is also known as water withdrawal intensity.

The percentage of collected, generated, or produced wastewater that is treated, normalized by the population connected to centralized wastewater treatment facilities. Scores were calculated by multiplying the wastewater treatment summary values, based on decadal averages, with the sewerage connection values to arrive at an overall total percentage of wastewater treated.

Water scarcity is measured as water consumption weighted by scarcity indices. In order to incorporate water scarcity into the virtual water flow calculus, a new satellite account was constructed where water use entries are weighted so that they reflect the scarcity of the water being used.  The weight used is a measure of water withdrawals as a percentage of the existing local renewable freshwater resources. The Water Scarcity Index was used for converting total water use into scarce water use.

The percentage of the population who has access to electricity.

The percentage of the population primarily using clean cooking fuels and technologies for cooking. Under WHO guidelines, kerosene is excluded from clean cooking fuels.

A measure of the carbon intensity of energy production, calculated by dividing CO₂ emissions from the combustion of fuel by electricity output.

The growth rate of GDP adjusted to income levels (where rich countries are expected to grow less) and expressed relative to the US growth performance. GDP is the sum of gross value added by all resident producers in the economy, plus any product taxes and minus any subsidies not included in the value of the products.

Estimation of the number of people in modern slavery. Modern slavery is defined as people in forced labor or forced marriage. It is calculated based on standardized surveys and Multiple Systems Estimation (MSE).

The percentage of adults, 15 years and older, who report having an account (by themselves or with someone else) at a bank or another type of financial institution, or who have personally used a mobile money service within the past 12 months.

Modeled estimate of the share of the labor force that is without work but is available and actively seeking employment. The indicator reflects the inability of an economy to generate employment for people who want to work but are not doing so.

The number of fatal work-related accidents associated with imported goods. Calculated using extensions to a multiregional input-output table.

The percentage of the population who used the Internet from any location in the last three months. Access could be via a fixed or mobile network.

The number of mobile broadband subscriptions per 100 population. Mobile broadband subscriptions refer to subscriptions to mobile cellular networks with access to data communications (e.g. the Internet) at broadband speeds, irrespective of the device used to access the internet.

Survey-based average assessment of the quality of trade and transport related infrastructure, e.g. ports, roads, railroads and information technology, on a scale from 1 (worst) to 5 (best).

The average score of the top three universities in each country that are listed in the global top 1,000 universities in the world. For countries with at least one university on the list, only the score of the ranked university was taken into account.  When a university score was missing in the Times Higher Education World University Ranking, an indicator from the Global Innovation Index on the top 3 universities in Quacquarelli Symonds (QS) University Ranking was used as a source when available.

The number of scientific and technical journal articles published, that are covered by the Science Citation Index (SCI) or the Social Sciences Citation Index (SSCI). Articles are counted and assigned to a country based on the institutional address(es) listed in the article.

Gross domestic expenditure on scientific research and experimental development (R&D) expressed as a percentage of Gross Domestic Product (GDP). We assumed zero R&D expenditure for low-income countries that do not report any data.


The Gini coefficient adjusted for top revenues unaccounted for in household surveys. This indicator takes the average of the unadjusted Gini and the adjusted Gini.

Air pollution measured as the population-weighted mean annual concentration of PM2.5 for the urban population in a country. PM2.5 is suspended particles measuring less than 2.5 microns in aerodynamic diameter, which are capable of penetrating deep into the respiratory tract and can cause severe health damage.

The percentage of the urban population with access to improved drinking water piped on premises. An "improved" drinking-water source is one that, by the nature of its construction and when properly used, adequately protects the source from outside contamination, particularly fecal matter.

The percentage of the surveyed population that responded "satisfied" to the question "In the city or area where you live, are you satisfied or dissatisfied with the public transportation systems?".

The amount of waste collected by or on behalf of municipal authorities and disposed of through the waste management system. Waste from agriculture and from industries are not included.

Waste from electrical and electronic equipment, estimated based on figures for domestic production, imports and exports of electronic products, as well as product lifespan data.

SO₂ emissions associated with the production of goods and services, which are then either exported or consumed domestically. 

Emissions of SO₂ embodied in imported goods and services. SO₂ emissions have severe health impacts and are a significant cause of premature mortality worldwide.

Reactive nitrogen emitted during the production of commodities, which are then either exported or consumed domestically. Reactive nitrogen corresponds to emissions of ammonia, nitrogen oxides and nitrous oxide to the atmosphere, and of reactive nitrogen potentially exportable to water bodies, all of which can be harmful to human health and the environment.

Emissions of reactive nitrogen embodied in imported goods and services. Reactive nitrogen corresponds here to emissions of ammonia, nitrogen oxides and nitrous oxide to the atmosphere, and of reactive nitrogen potentially exportable to water bodies, all of which can be harmful to human health and the environment.

Emissions of CO₂ that arise from the consumption of energy. This includes emissions due to the consumption of petroleum, natural gas, coal, and also from natural gas flaring.

CO₂ emissions embodied in imported goods and services.

CO₂ emissions embodied in the exports of coal, gas, and oil. Calculated using a 5-year average of fossil fuel exports and converting exports into their equivalent CO₂ emissions. Exports for each fossil fuel are capped at the country's level of production.

The mean percentage area of marine Key Biodiversity Areas (sites that are important for the global persistence of marine biodiversity) that are protected.

The clean waters subgoal of the Ocean Health Index measures to what degree marine waters under national jurisdictions have been contaminated by chemicals, excessive nutrients (eutrophication), human pathogens, and trash.

The percentage of a country’s total catch, within its exclusive economic zone (EEZ), that is comprised of species that are overexploited or collapsed, weighted by the quality of fish catch data.

The percentage of fish caught by trawling, a method of fishing in which industrial fishing vessels drag large nets (trawls) along the seabed.

Threats to marine species embodied in imports of goods and services.

The mean percentage area of terrestrial Key Biodiversity Areas (sites that are important for the global persistence of biodiversity) that are protected.

The mean percentage area of freshwater Key Biodiversity Areas (sites that are important for the global persistence of biodiversity) that are protected.

The change in aggregate extinction risk across groups of species. The index is based on genuine changes in the number of species in each category of extinction risk on The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.

The mean annual percentage of permanent deforestation over the period 2014 to 2018. Permanent deforestation refers to tree cover removal for urbanization, commodity production and certain types of small-scale agriculture. It does not include temporary forest loss due to the forestry sector or wildfires.

Threats to terrestrial and freshwater species embodied in imports of goods and services.

The number of intentional homicides per 100,000 people. Intentional homicides are estimates of unlawful homicides purposely inflicted as a result of domestic disputes, interpersonal violence, violent conflicts over land resources, intergang violence over turf or control, and predatory violence and killing by armed groups. Intentional homicide does not include all intentional killing, such as killing in armed conflict.

Unsentenced prisoners as a percentage of overall prison population. Persons held unsentenced or pre-trial refers to persons held in prisons, penal institutions or correctional institutions who are untried, pre-trial or awaiting a first instance decision on their case from a competent authority regarding their conviction or acquittal.

The percentage of the surveyed population that responded "Yes" to the question "Do you feel safe walking alone at night in the city or area where you live?"

Survey-based assessment of protection of property rights, on a scale from 1 (worst) to 7 (best). The indicator reports respondents' qualitative assessment based on answers to several questions on the protection of property rights and intellectual property rights protection.

The percentage of children under the age of five whose births are reported as being registered with the relevant national civil authorities.

The perceived levels of public sector corruption, on a scale from 0 (highest level of perceived corruption) to 100 (lowest level of perceived corruption). The CPI aggregates data from a number of different sources that provide perceptions of business people and country experts.

The percentage of children, between the age of 5-14 years old, involved in child labor at the time of the survey. A child is considered to be involved in child labor under the following conditions: (a) children 5-11 years old who, during the reference week, did at least one hour of economic activity or at least 28 hours of household chores, or (b) children 12-14 years old who, during the reference week, did at least 14 hours of economic activity or at least 28 hours of household chores. We assumed 0% child labor for high-income countries for which no data was reported.

Volume of major conventional weapons exported, expressed in constant 1990 US$ millions per 100,000 population. It is calculated based on the trend-indicator value, which is based on the known unit production cost of a core set of weapons, and does not reflect the financial value of the exports. Small arms, light weapons, ammunition and other support material are not included.

Degree of freedom available to journalists in 180 countries and regions, determined by pooling the responses of experts to a questionnaire devised by RSF.

The sum of public expenditure on health from domestic sources and general government expenditure on education (current, capital, and transfers) expressed as a percentage of GDP.

The amount of official development assistance (ODA) as a share of gross national income (GNI). It includes grants, "soft" loans (where the grant element is at least 25% of the total) and the provision of technical assistance, and excludes grants and loans for military purposes.

Government revenue measured as cash receipts from taxes, social contributions, and other revenues such as fines, fees, rent, and income from property or sales. Grants are also considered as revenue but are excluded here.

The Corporate Tax Haven Score measures a jurisdiction’s potential to poach the tax base of others, as enshrined in its laws, regulations and documented administrative practices. For countries with multiple jurisdictions, the value of the worst-performing jurisdiction was retained.

The overall score measures a country's total progress towards achieving all 17 SDGs. The score can be interpreted as a the percentage of SDG achievement. A score of 100 indicates that all SDGs have been achieved.

Each country's actions can have positive or negative effects on other countries' abilities to achieve the SDGs. The Spillover Index assesses such spillovers along four dimensions: environmental, economy & finance, social and security. A higher score means that a country causes more positive and fewer negative spillover effects.

Tonga

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Current Assessment

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