Afghanistan

Albania

Algeria

Andorra

Angola

Antigua and Barbuda

Argentina

Armenia

Australia

Austria

Azerbaijan

Bahamas, The

Bahrain

Bangladesh

Barbados

Belarus

Belgium

Belize

Benin

Bhutan

Bolivia

Bosnia and Herzegovina

Botswana

Brazil

Brunei Darussalam

Bulgaria

Burkina Faso

Burundi

Cabo Verde

Cambodia

Cameroon

Canada

Central African Republic

Chad

Chile

China

Colombia

Comoros

Congo, Dem. Rep.

Congo, Rep.

Costa Rica

Cote d'Ivoire

Croatia

Cuba

Cyprus

Czech Republic

Denmark

Djibouti

Dominica

Dominican Republic

Ecuador

Egypt, Arab Rep.

El Salvador

Equatorial Guinea

Eritrea

Estonia

Eswatini

Ethiopia

Fiji

Finland

France

Gabon

Gambia, The

Georgia

Germany

Ghana

Greece

Grenada

Guatemala

Guinea

Guinea-Bissau

Guyana

Haiti

Honduras

Hungary

Iceland

India

Indonesia

Iran, Islamic Rep.

Iraq

Ireland

Israel

Italy

Jamaica

Japan

Jordan

Kazakhstan

Kenya

Kiribati

Korea, Dem. Rep.

Korea, Rep.

Kuwait

Kyrgyz Republic

Lao PDR

Latvia

Lebanon

Lesotho

Liberia

Libya

Liechtenstein

Estimated percentage of the population that is living under the poverty threshold of US$1.90 a day. Estimated using historical estimates of the income distribution, projections of population changes by age and educational attainment, and GDP projections.

Sub-Saharan Africa

Eastern Europe and Central Asia

East and South Asia

Latin America and the Caribbean

Middle East and North Africa

Oceania

OECD members

High-income Countries

Upper-middle-income Countries

Lower-middle-income Countries

Low-income Countries

Estimated percentage of the population that is living under the poverty threshold of US$3.20 a day. Estimated using historical estimates of the income distribution, projections of population changes by age and educational attainment, and GDP projections.

Relative poverty is measured as the share of the population whose incomes fall below half the median disposable income for the entire population. The income threshold for relative poverty changes over time with changes in median disposable income.

The percentage of the population whose food intake is insufficient to meet dietary energy requirements for a minimum of one year. Dietary energy requirements are defined as the amount of dietary energy required by an individual to maintain body functions, health and normal activity. FAO et al. (2015) report 14.7 million undernourished people in developed regions, which corresponds to an average prevalence of 1.17% in the developed regions. We assumed a 1.2% prevalence rate for each high-income country (World Bank, 2019) with missing data. 

The percentage of children up to the age of 5 years that are stunted, measured as the percentage that fall below minus two standard deviations from the median height for their age, according to the WHO Child Growth Standards. UNICEF et al. (2016) report an average prevalence of wasting in high-income countries of 2.58%. We assumed this value for high-income countries with missing data.

The percentage of children up to the age of 5 years whose weight falls below minus two standard deviations from the median weight for their age, according to the WHO Child Growth Standards. UNICEF et al. (2016) report an average prevalence of wasting in high-income countries of 0.75%. We assumed this value for high-income countries with missing data.

The percentage of the adult population that has a body mass index (BMI) of 30kg/m² or higher, based on measured height and weight.

Trophic levels are a measure of the energy intensity of diet composition and reflect the relative amounts of plants as opposed to animals eaten in a given country. A higher trophic level represents a greater level of consumption of energy-intensive animals.

Cereal yield, measured as tonnes per hectare of harvested land. Production data on cereals relate to crops harvested for dry grain only and excludes crops harvested for hay or green for food, feed, or silage and those used for grazing.

The Sustainable Nitrogen Management Index (SNMI) is a one-dimensional ranking score that combines two efficiency measures in crop production: Nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) and land use efficiency (crop yield).

The estimated number of women, between the age of 15-49, who die from pregnancy-related causes while pregnant or within 42 days of termination of pregnancy, per 100,000 live births.

The number of newborn infants (neonates) who die before reaching 28 days of age, per 1,000 live births.

The probability that a newborn baby will die before reaching age five, if subject to age-specific mortality rates of the specified year, per 1,000 live births.

The estimated rate of new and relapse cases of tuberculosis in a given year, expressed per 100,000 people. All forms of tuberculosis are included, including cases of people living with HIV.

Number of people newly infected with HIV per 1,000 uninfected population.

The probability of dying between the ages of 30 and 70 years from cardiovascular diseases, cancer, diabetes or chronic respiratory diseases, defined as the percent of 30-year-old-people who would die before their 70th birthday from these diseases, assuming current mortality rates at every age and that individuals would not die from any other cause of death (e.g. injuries or HIV/AIDS).

Estimated number of fatal road traffic injuries per 100,000 people.

The average number of years that a newborn could expect to live, if he or she were to pass through life exposed to the sex- and age-specific death rates prevailing at the time of his or her birth, for a specific year, in a given country, territory, or geographic area.

The number of births per 1,000 women between the age of 15 to 19.

The percentage of births attended by personnel trained to give the necessary supervision, care, and advice to women during pregnancy, labor, and the postpartum period, to conduct deliveries on their own, and to care for newborns.

Estimated national routine immunization coverage of infants, expressed as the percentage of surviving infants children under the age of 12 months who received two WHO-recommended vaccines (3rd dose of DTP and 1st dose of measles). Calculated as the minimum value between the percentage of infants who have received the 3rd dose of DTP and the percentage who have received the 1st dose of measles.

Coverage of essential health services (defined as the average coverage of essential services based on tracer interventions that include reproductive, maternal, newborn and child health, infectious diseases, non-communicable diseases and service capacity and access, among the general and the most disadvantaged population). The indicator is an index reported on a unitless scale of 0 to 100, which is computed as the geometric mean of 14 tracer indicators of health service coverage.

Subjective self-evaluation of life, where respondents are asked to evaluate where they feel they stand on a ladder where 0 represents the worst possible life and 10 the best possible life.

Gap in percentage of people who perceive their health status as good or very good between the poorest 20% and the richest 20% of the population.


The percentage of the population aged 15 years and older who are reported to smoke daily.

The percentage of children of the official school age population who are enrolled in primary education.

Lower secondary education completion rate measured as the gross intake ratio to the last grade of lower secondary education (general and pre-vocational). It is calculated as the number of new entrants in the last grade of lower secondary education, regardless of age, divided by the population at the entrance age for the last grade of lower secondary education.

Participation rate in organized learning one year before the official primary entry age.

The percentage of the population, aged 25 to 34, who have completed tertiary education.

National scores in the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA), an internationally standardized assessment that is administered to 15-year-olds in schools. It assesses how far students near the end of compulsory education have acquired some of the knowledge and skills that are essential for full participation in society. Country PISA scores for reading, mathematics, and science were averaged to obtain an overall PISA score.  


Percentage of variation in science performance explained by students' socio-economic status.

Percentage of students with a performance in science below level 2 (less than 409.54 score points).

Percentage of students who are in the bottom quarter of the PISA index of economic, social and cultural status (ESCS) in the country/economy of assessment and are in the top quarter of science performers among all countries/economies, after accounting for socio-economic status.

The percentage of women of reproductive age, either married or in a union, whose demand for family planning has been met using modern methods of contraception.

The mean years of education received by women aged 25 and older divided by the mean years of education received by men aged 25 and older.

Modeled estimate of the proportion of the female population aged 15 years and older that is economically active, divided by the same proportion for men.


The number of seats held by women in single or lower chambers of national parliaments, expressed as a percentage of all occupied seats. Seats refer to the number of parliamentary mandates, or the number of members of parliament.

The difference between male and female median wages of full-time employees and those self-employed, divided by the male median wage.

The percentage of the population using at least a basic drinking water service, such as drinking water from an improved source, provided that the collection time is not more than 30 minutes for a round trip, including queuing. 

The percentage of the population using at least a basic sanitation service, such as an improved sanitation facility that is not shared with other households. 

Water scarcity is measured as water consumption weighted by scarcity indices. In order to incorporate water scarcity into the virtual water flow calculus, a new satellite account was constructed where water use entries are weighted so that they reflect the scarcity of the water being used.  The weight used is a measure of water withdrawals as a percentage of the existing local renewable freshwater resources. The Water Scarcity Index was used for converting total water use into scarce water use.

The percentage of the population using a safely managed drinking water service. A safely managed drinking water service is one where people use an "improved" source meeting three criteria: it is accessible on premises, water is available when needed, and the water supplied is free from contamination. Improved sources are those that have the potential to deliver safe water by nature of their design and construction.

The percentage of the population using safely managed sanitation services. Safely managed sanitation services are "improved" sanitation facilities that are not shared with other households, and where the excreta produced should either be treated and disposed of in situ, stored temporarily and then emptied, transported and treated off-site, or transported through a sewer with wastewater and then treated off-site. Improved sanitation facilities are those designed to hygienically separate excreta from human contact.

The percentage of the population who has access to electricity.

The percentage of the population primarily using clean cooking fuels and technologies for cooking. Under WHO guidelines, kerosene is excluded from clean cooking fuels.

A measure of the carbon intensity of energy production, calculated by dividing CO₂ emissions from the combustion of fuel by electricity output.

The share of renewable energy in the total primary energy supply. Renewables include the primary energy equivalent of hydro (excluding pumped storage), geothermal, solar, wind, tide and wave sources. Energy derived from solid biofuels, biogasoline, biodiesels, other liquid biofuels, biogases and the renewable fraction of municipal waste are also included.

The percentage of adults, 15 years and older, who report having an account (by themselves or with someone else) at a bank or another type of financial institution, or who have personally used a mobile money service within the past 12 months.

Modeled estimate of the share of the labor force that is without work but is available and actively seeking employment. The indicator reflects the inability of an economy to generate employment for people who want to work but are not doing so.

The number of fatal work-related accidents associated with imported goods. Calculated using extensions to a multiregional input-output table.

The ratio of the employed to the working age population. Employed people are those aged 15 or older who were in paid employment or self-employed during a specified period. The working age population refers to people aged 15 to 64.

The percentage of young people who are not in employment, education or training (NEET). Education includes part-time or full-time education, but exclude those in non-formal education and in educational activities of very short duration. Employment is defined according to the ILO Guidelines and covers all those who have been in paid work for at least one hour in the reference week or were temporarily absent from such work.

The percentage of the population who used the Internet from any location in the last three months. Access could be via a fixed or mobile network.

The number of mobile broadband subscriptions per 100 population. Mobile broadband subscriptions refer to subscriptions to mobile cellular networks with access to data communications (e.g. the Internet) at broadband speeds, irrespective of the device used to access the internet.

Survey-based average assessment of the quality of trade and transport related infrastructure, e.g. ports, roads, railroads and information technology, on a scale from 1 (worst) to 5 (best).

The number of scientific and technical journal articles published, that are covered by the Science Citation Index (SCI) or the Social Sciences Citation Index (SSCI). Articles are counted and assigned to a country based on the institutional address(es) listed in the article.

Gross domestic expenditure on scientific research and experimental development (R&D) expressed as a percentage of Gross Domestic Product (GDP). We assumed zero R&D expenditure for low-income countries that do not report any data.


The number of researchers per thousand employed people. Researchers are professionals engaged in the conception or creation of new knowledge, products, processes, methods and systems, as well as in the management of the projects concerned

A triadic patent family is defined as a set of patents registered in various countries (i.e. patent offices) to protect the same invention. Triadic patent families are a set of patents filed at three of these major patent offices: the European Patent Office (EPO), the Japan Patent Office (JPO) and the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO). The number of triadic patent families is "nowcast" for timeliness.

The difference in the percentage of household Internet access between the top and bottom income quartiles.

The Gini coefficient adjusted for top revenues unaccounted for in household surveys. This indicator takes the average of the unadjusted Gini and the adjusted Gini.

The share of all income received by the 10% people with highest disposable income divided by the share of all income received by the 40% people with the lowest disposable income.

The percentage of people of 66 years of age or more whose income falls below half the median household income of the total population.

Air pollution measured as the population-weighted mean annual concentration of PM2.5 for the urban population in a country. PM2.5 is suspended particles measuring less than 2.5 microns in aerodynamic diameter, which are capable of penetrating deep into the respiratory tract and can cause severe health damage.

The percentage of the urban population with access to improved drinking water piped on premises. An "improved" drinking-water source is one that, by the nature of its construction and when properly used, adequately protects the source from outside contamination, particularly fecal matter.

The percentage of the surveyed population that responded "satisfied" to the question "In the city or area where you live, are you satisfied or dissatisfied with the public transportation systems?".

Percentage of the population living in households where the total housing costs represent more than 40 % of disposable income.

Emissions of CO₂ that arise from the consumption of energy. This includes emissions due to the consumption of petroleum, natural gas, coal, and also from natural gas flaring.

CO₂ emissions embodied in imported goods and services.

The mean percentage area of marine Key Biodiversity Areas (sites that are important for the global persistence of marine biodiversity) that are protected.

The clean waters subgoal of the Ocean Health Index measures to what degree marine waters under national jurisdictions have been contaminated by chemicals, excessive nutrients (eutrophication), human pathogens, and trash.

The percentage of a country’s total catch, within its exclusive economic zone (EEZ), that is comprised of species that are overexploited or collapsed, weighted by the quality of fish catch data.

The percentage of fish caught by trawling, a method of fishing in which industrial fishing vessels drag large nets (trawls) along the seabed.

The mean percentage area of terrestrial Key Biodiversity Areas (sites that are important for the global persistence of biodiversity) that are protected.

The mean percentage area of freshwater Key Biodiversity Areas (sites that are important for the global persistence of biodiversity) that are protected.

The change in aggregate extinction risk across groups of species. The index is based on genuine changes in the number of species in each category of extinction risk on The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.

The number of intentional homicides per 100,000 people. Intentional homicides are estimates of unlawful homicides purposely inflicted as a result of domestic disputes, interpersonal violence, violent conflicts over land resources, intergang violence over turf or control, and predatory violence and killing by armed groups. Intentional homicide does not include all intentional killing, such as killing in armed conflict.

Unsentenced prisoners as a percentage of overall prison population. Persons held unsentenced or pre-trial refers to persons held in prisons, penal institutions or correctional institutions who are untried, pre-trial or awaiting a first instance decision on their case from a competent authority regarding their conviction or acquittal.

The percentage of the surveyed population that responded "Yes" to the question "Do you feel safe walking alone at night in the city or area where you live?"

The perceived levels of public sector corruption, on a scale from 0 (highest level of perceived corruption) to 100 (lowest level of perceived corruption). The CPI aggregates data from a number of different sources that provide perceptions of business people and country experts.

Degree of freedom available to journalists in 180 countries and regions, determined by pooling the responses of experts to a questionnaire devised by RSF.

The prison population is composed of persons held in prisons, penal institutions, or correctional institutions.

The sum of public expenditure on health from domestic sources and general government expenditure on education (current, capital, and transfers) expressed as a percentage of GDP.

The amount of official development assistance (ODA) as a share of gross national income (GNI). It includes grants, "soft" loans (where the grant element is at least 25% of the total) and the provision of technical assistance, and excludes grants and loans for military purposes.

Government revenue measured as cash receipts from taxes, social contributions, and other revenues such as fines, fees, rent, and income from property or sales. Grants are also considered as revenue but are excluded here.

Poverty headcount ratio at $1.90/day

Poverty headcount ratio at $1.90/day